![]() ![]() This technology emerging as a novel strategy to overcome the current bottlenecks in skin tissue engineering such as poor vascularization, absence of hair follicles and sweat glands in the construct. Various materials including synthetic and natural biopolymers and cells with or without signalling molecules like growth factors are being utilized to produce functional skin constructs. Bioprinted skin substitutes or equivalents containing dermal and epidermal components offer a promising approach in skin bioengineering. Bioprinting facilitates the simultaneous and highly specific deposition of multiple types of skin cells and biomaterials, a process that is lacking in conventional skin tissue-engineering approaches. Recently, an advancement of 3D printing technology referred as bioprinting was exploited to make cell loaded scaffolds to produce constructs which are more matching with the native tissue. Tissue engineering has been developing as a novel strategy by employing the recent advances in various fields such as polymer engineering, bioengineering, stem cell research and nanomedicine. Significant progress has been made over the past few decades in the development of in vitro-engineered substitutes that mimic human skin, either as grafts for the replacement of lost skin, or for the establishment of in vitro human skin models. Scaffold fabrication methodology, mechanical performance, biocompatibility, bioactivity, and potential clinical translations will be discussed. This review will therefore consider the ideal properties of bioactive composite 3D scaffolds and examine recent use of polymers, hydrogels, metals, ceramics and bio-glasses in BTE. Favourable material properties can be combined and bioactivity improved when groups of materials are used together in composite 3D scaffolds. However, individual groups of materials including polymers, ceramics and hydrogels have been unable to fully replicate the properties of bone when used alone. A variety of materials and manufacturing methods including 3D printing have been used to create novel alternatives to traditional bone grafts. Developing bioactive three-dimensional (3D) scaffolds to support bone regeneration has therefore become a key area of focus within bone tissue engineering (BTE). However, significant limitations affect current treatment options and clinical demand for bone grafts continues to rise due to conditions such as trauma, cancer, infection and arthritis. It serves as guideline aiming to explore natural-derived biopolymers as novel feedstocks for different 3D printing technologies that will be potentially applied in various areas.īone is the second most commonly transplanted tissue worldwide, with over four million operations using bone grafts or bone substitute materials annually to treat bone defects. A strategical development roadmap with identified material property requirements, key challenges, as well as possible solutions was proposed. cellulose, hemicellulose, lignin, and their derivatives as 3D printing feedstocks. Special consideration is given to the development of lignocellulosic materials, i.e. This paper reviews the state-of-the-art in terms of 3D printing technology using natural-derived feedstocks, including lignocellulose, starch, algae, and chitosan-based biopolymers. Development of eco-friendly natural-derived biopolymers for 3D printing technologies and their promising application in different areas are of huge academic, and environmental interests. However, the lack of bio-based materials with user-defined biochemical and mechanical property is a significant barrier that limits the widespread adoption of 3D printing for products fabrication. Therefore, in this chapter, the most relevant materials that have been reported for mechanical augmentation of 3D-printed scaffolds are reviewed.ģD printing enables the complex or customized structures production in high speed and resolution. Various inorganic materials were reported, including metal composites, metal oxides, and ceramic materials. Different sources were reviewed in this chapter involving 3D structures for industrial applications and 3D-printed scaffolds for biomedical applications. The overall aim is to provide a relatively exhaustive account of the various inorganic materials applied for 3D printing innovation. Particularly, the utilization of inorganic materials to reinforce 3D-printed scaffolds as reported in the current literature is highlighted. The current chapter focuses on potential techniques that are applicable for the augmentation of mechanical properties of 3D-printed scaffolds. Several methods have been utilized to augment the mechanical properties of the 3D-printed scaffolds. Mechanical properties of three-dimensional (3D) scaffolds are critical for their biomedical applications. ![]()
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