read more, metabolic acidosis Metabolic Acidosis Metabolic acidosis is primary reduction in bicarbonate (HCO3 −), typically with compensatory reduction in carbon dioxide partial pressure (Pco2) pH may be markedly low or slightly. read more, hypokalemia Hypokalemia Hypokalemia is serum potassium concentration < 3.5 mEq/L (< 3.5 mmol/L) caused by a deficit in total body potassium stores or abnormal movement of potassium into cells. It implies a deficit of total body water relative to total body sodium caused by water intake being less than water. Laboratory testing is usually reserved for moderately or severely ill children, in whom electrolyte disturbances (eg, hypernatremia Hypernatremia Hypernatremia is a serum sodium concentration > 145 mEq/L (> 145 mmol/L). Thus, in the absence of any fluid replacement, the serum sodium usually rises (hypernatremia). However, fluid lost always contains a lower concentration of sodium than the plasma. read more however, with vomiting, hydrogen ions are lost, predisposing to metabolic alkalosis Metabolic Alkalosis Metabolic alkalosis is primary increase in bicarbonate (HCO3 −) with or without compensatory increase in carbon dioxide partial pressure (Pco2) pH may be high or nearly normal. For example, significant amounts of bicarbonate may be lost with diarrhea, predisposing to metabolic acidosis Metabolic Acidosis Metabolic acidosis is primary reduction in bicarbonate (HCO3 −), typically with compensatory reduction in carbon dioxide partial pressure (Pco2) pH may be markedly low or slightly. The exact amount and type of electrolyte loss varies depending on the cause. read more ), and 3rd-space losses (eg, into the intestinal lumen in bowel obstruction or ileus).Īll types of lost fluid contain electrolytes in varying concentrations, so fluid loss is always accompanied by some degree of electrolyte loss. Burns are classified by depth (superficial and deep partial-thickness, and full-thickness). read more, burns Burns Burns are injuries of skin or other tissue caused by thermal, radiation, chemical, or electrical contact. Sweating of the axillae, palms, and soles is most often a normal response due to stress, exercise. read more ), cutaneous (eg, excessive sweating Hyperhidrosis Hyperhidrosis is excessive sweating, which can be focal or diffuse and has multiple causes. Hyperglycemia causes an osmotic diuresis with. Other sources are renal (eg, diabetic ketoacidosis Diabetic Ketoacidosis (DKA) Diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) is an acute metabolic complication of diabetes characterized by hyperglycemia, hyperketonemia, and metabolic acidosis. Most cases are infectious, although gastroenteritis may occur after ingestion of drugs, medications. read more, or both (eg, gastroenteritis Overview of Gastroenteritis Gastroenteritis is inflammation of the lining of the stomach and small and large intestines. Diarrhea may be accompanied by anorexia, vomiting, acute weight loss, abdominal pain, fever. read more, diarrhea Diarrhea in Children Diarrhea is frequent loose or watery bowel movements that deviate from a child’s normal pattern. Nausea and vomiting typically occur in sequence. The most common source of increased fluid loss is the gastrointestinal tract-from vomiting Nausea and Vomiting in Infants and Children Nausea is the sensation of impending emesis and is frequently accompanied by autonomic changes, such as increased heart rate and salivation.
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